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collective ownership, 375 collectivization, 374–375 commenda contracts. see mudharabah commerce. see trade commodity Ribā. see Ribā al-Buyū' competition, 60 in Islamic banking, 337, 403–404, 405 maritime, 14 in spice trade, 299 state, 276 Confusion, Age of Ignorance and. see Jahiliyyah conquered land as economic resource, 80, 110 ownership of, 59, 103, 104, 118, 137–138 Umar I and, 104–106, 137–138 consensus of opinion. see ijma' Constantinople, 128, 286 Constantius, Emperor, 13 constitution, 311–314 consumer behaviour. see also basic commodities; consumption al-Shaibānī on, 199–200 theory of, 65–66, 375–379 wants and needs concept, 377–378 consumption. see also consumer behaviour and asceticism, 212 association with earnings, 198–200 concept of moderation, 40, 108 effect on economic development, 277 al-Ghazālī on, 122, 250–251, 377–378 Ibn Khaldūn on, 276–278 Islamic approach to, 6, 8, 65–73, 90 levels of, 41–42, 250–251, 377–378 al-Rāghib al-Aŝfahānī on, 239–240 social function of, 376–377 Contemporary Zakāh (Abū-Saud, M.), 359–360 contracts, 265–266, 268 conversion, 150–151, 161 cooperation. see also economic cooperation in industry, 203, 242 Shah Wali-Allah on, 310 in trade, 141 courage, 9–10, 25 cowardice, 9–10 crop sharing. see muqāsamah Crown Estate. see Sawāfi land Crusades, 128, 224, 299–301 currency dealers, 22, 134 currency union, 383, 384–386 current assets, 254–256 custom duties. see ushūr custom union, 385
Dam of Ma'rib, 11, 15, 16, 17 Dar al-Hikmah, 232 debts, 77, 78, 79, 141, 144 decentralization, 311 deduction, 216 deflation, 213, 244 deities, 13, 20 Department of Trade, 261 destiny, concept of, 39 dhalalah, 292, 315 dhaman, 410 discrimination, 74 divine guidance, 65 Dīwān, 116, 130–133, 410 Dīwān al-Mustaghallat, 410 Dīwān-al-asl, 132, 410 Dīwān-al-barīd, 131, 410 Dīwān-al-Jund, 410 Dīwān-al-khātim, 131, 132, 410 Dīwān-al-maa', 139 Dīwān-al-rasa'il, 131–132, 410 Dīwān-al-zimam, 132–133, 410 Dīwān-al-zimmah. see Dīwān-al-zimam doctrine of necessity, 233, 236 Donia, Shawqy Ahmed, 390–392 drinking, 32, 50, 101 duyun, 416
earnings as destined by God, 218 al-Ghazālī on, 251–252 Ibn Khaldūn on, 280 al-Muĥāsibī on, 212, 216–220 al-Shaibānī on, 198–200 economic cooperation, 381–386, 395 economic development al-Rāghib al-Aŝfahānī on, 241 Bāqir-al-Sadr on, 393–394 under caliph Ali ibn Abi-Taleb, 124–125 Ibn Khaldūn on, 277–278 from Islamic perspective, 388–389 Keynes on, 278 Khurshid Ahmad on, 389–390 maximization and, 44, 370 as objective of production, 61 objectives of, 64 Shawqy Ahmed Donia on, 390–392 during Umayyad caliphate, 105–106 Economic Development in an Islamic Framework (Ahmad), 389–390 economic efficiency, 41–43, 61, 242 economic freedom, 399 economic injustice, 271–272 economic integration al-Ghazālī on, 249–250 Ibn Khaldūn on, 275–276 Ja'afer al-Dīmashqī on, 256 al-Rāghib al-Aŝfahānī on, 242–243 economic literature. see Islamic economic literature economic resources abuse of, 37, 60, 61 allocation of, 60, 369–371 utilisation of, 61 economic theory Islamic, 6, 8, 371–375 Western altruistic, 64 Western socio-, 378–379 Western versus Islamic, 45, 63, 378–379 Edomites, 15 education. see also schools; universities as basic human need, 240 Christian schools, 293 al-Ghazālī on, 247–248 Ibn Khaldūn on, 283 as means for specialisation, 205 al-Rāghib al-Aŝfahānī on, 242 efficiency, economic, 41–43, 61, 242 Egypt, army revolt, 301, 321 British occupation, 301, 318, 323 development of agriculture, 139 during Fatimid caliphate, 224, 225 High Council for Fostering Art and Literature, 352–353 High Institute for Arabic Studies, 352 during Ikhshīdi dynasty, 229, 231 Islamic banking in, 335–336, 366–367 during Mumlūks dynasty, 284, 286, 319–320 market tax revolt, 153 reformers from, 319–324 during reign of Muĥammad Ali, 293–295 and secularisation, 326–327 and trade routes, 140 during Tulūnīd dynasty, 228 emigrants, 85, 86, 94 endurance, 5–6, 24 English language, 332, 339 entrepreneurship, 47, 62, 80–83, 91, 149 environment, as factor of production, 63 equality, 28, 43 equilibrium, 373–374 equity capital, 64, 332 equity participation, 333 ethics, 373–375, 396, 405 Ethics and Economics: an Islamic Synthesis (Naqvi), 373 exchange value, 204 extension (isrāf), 41–42, 70, 412 external auditing, 133 extravagance, 40, 42, 68, 70, 108, 199, 250
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Excerpt of the index made by Pierke Bosschieter for: Islamic Economics: a Short History, Ahmed El-Ashker & Rodney Wilson, Brill Academic Publishers, 2006. |
